{"id":247350,"date":"2023-05-10T18:07:46","date_gmt":"2023-05-10T18:07:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modelwise.ai\/?page_id=247350"},"modified":"2025-09-15T09:07:50","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T08:07:50","slug":"paitron-functional-description","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/modelwise.ai\/de\/paitron-functional-description\/","title":{"rendered":"Funktionsbeschreibung"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"height:3em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"introductionnbsp\">Einf\u00fchrung <\/h2>\n\n\n<p>Paitron ist eine Softwarel\u00f6sung zur (teil-)automatisierten modellbasierten funktionale Sicherheitsanalyse unter Ausnutzung logischer oder physikalischer Modelle. Die aktuelle Paitron Version unterst\u00fctzt sowohl die Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA), als auch die Failure Mode Effects and Diagnostics Analysis (FMEDA). Die Ergebnisse der Analysen werden in Excel-Dateien gespeichert und dargestellt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Paitron verwendet Techniken des modellbasierten und qualitativen Denkens (Teilgebiete des automatisierten Denkens in der k\u00fcnstlichen Intelligenz). Modellbasiert bedeutet, dass die Argumentation auf formal dargestellten Modellen des zu entwickelnden Systems basiert, w\u00e4hrend qualitativ die Art von Modellen charakterisiert wird, die auf systematischen Abstraktionen des Systemverhaltens basieren. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"functional-description-nbsp\">Funktionsbeschreibung  <\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"system-requirementsnbsp\">System Anforderungen <\/h3>\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"supported-operating-systemsnbsp\"><strong>Unterst\u00fctzte Betriebssysteme: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>64-Bit-Editionen von Windows 7 SP1, 8.1, 10 und 11&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u00fcr die Durchf\u00fchrung der automatisierten funktionalen Sicherheitsanalyse nutzt Paitron Simulationstools von Drittanbietern. Solche Simulationstools m\u00fcssen auf demselben Computer wie Paitron installiert sein. Ohne angeschlossene Simulationssoftware kann Paitron weiterhin FMEDA-Tabellen erstellen und Sicherheitsmetriken berechnen. Die Liste der derzeit unterst\u00fctzten Tools und ihrer Versionen ist in <a data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\" href=\"#1\">Tabelle 1<\/a>. Dar\u00fcber hinaus ist die f\u00fcr die Nutzung von Paitron erforderliche Software von Drittanbietern in <a href=\"#2\">Tabelle 2<\/a> im Anhang aufgef\u00fchrt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"featuresnbsp\"><strong>Merkmale <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Die Automatisierung der Analyse der funktionalen Sicherheit, insbesondere der Fehlerausbreitung und der Fehlerm\u00f6glichkeits- und Effektanalyse (FMEA), wird mit dem folgenden Arbeitsablauf erreicht:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e936249de5f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e936249de5f\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/modelwise.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/paitron-workflow_German.jpg\" alt=\"Workflow of paitron in English with the different steps being preparation, automatic analysis and export\" class=\"wp-image-247890\" srcset=\"https:\/\/modelwise.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/paitron-workflow_German.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/modelwise.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/paitron-workflow_German-980x551.jpg 980w, https:\/\/modelwise.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/paitron-workflow_German-480x270.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1280px, 100vw\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Vergr\u00f6\u00dfern\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Abbildung 1: Paitron-Workflow<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-import-system-designnbsp\">1. <strong>Systemdesign importieren: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Der erste Schritt ist der Import von Designentw\u00fcrfen (Schaltungsdesign, Netzlisten oder \u00e4hnliche Modelle). Die in der Software verwendeten Datenschnittstellen erm\u00f6glichen den Austausch mit Simulationstools. Eine Liste der von Paitron verbundenen Simulationstools finden Sie in <a data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\" href=\"#1\">Tabelle 1<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-system-formalizationnbspnbsp\">2. <strong>Systemformalisierung  <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Der Systemeditor erm\u00f6glicht die Formalisierung eines Systems und kann \u00fcber die Schaltfl\u00e4che \u201eFormalisieren\u201c auf dem Hauptbildschirm aufgerufen werden. Die Systeminformationen sollten relevante Eingaben, Ausgaben und optional enthaltene Effekte angeben. Dazu geh\u00f6rt die Definition von Terminals (Ein- und Ausg\u00e4nge) und deren Dom\u00e4nen (m\u00f6gliche Werte oder Bereiche).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Die Anforderungen werden mithilfe von Einschr\u00e4nkungsvorlagen formuliert, die die Festlegung von Schwellenwerten oder erwarteten Verhaltensweisen f\u00fcr Systemvariablen beinhalten k\u00f6nnen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Durch die Verwendung von deviation effects kann der Benutzer die Formalisierung der Anforderungen \u00fcberspringen, da die erwarteten Ergebnisse im Allgemeinen auf Abweichungen \u00fcberpr\u00fcft werden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Szenarien entsprechen verschiedenen m\u00f6glichen Systemkonfigurationen (z. B. Start, Flug, Landung), unter denen das System untersucht wird. Es ist nicht erforderlich, Szenarien zu definieren. Sie k\u00f6nnen verwendet werden, wenn das System nur in bestimmten Kontexten untersucht werden muss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-black-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"background-color:#a3acf070;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:0.2px\"><code><strong>Anmerkung: <\/strong>Die Variablen, Dom\u00e4nen und Szenarien sind nur f\u00fcr Modelle verf\u00fcgbar, die Verhaltensinformationen enthalten (normalerweise sind dies die Modelle, die simuliert werden k\u00f6nnen).<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-component-matchingnbsp\"><strong>3. Komponentenanpassung <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>\u201eConfigure parts\u201c \u00f6ffnet ein neues Fenster mit der Liste der Systemkomponenten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Manueller Abgleich:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u00fcr jede Komponente kann der Benutzer den genauen Typ angeben (z. B. kann eine Diode eine LED, Zener, Schottky usw. sein ) und den Fehlermodus und die Fehlerrate festlegen, die f\u00fcr die Komponente gelten sollen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>St\u00fcckliste (optional):&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nach dem Import der St\u00fcckliste (BOM) aus der Computer Aided Engineering (CAE)- oder Electronic Design Tool (EDA)-Software des Benutzers gleicht die Software die erkannten Komponenten automatisch mit Komponenten aus der Modelwise-Modellbibliothek ab (siehe <a href=\"#3\">Tabelle 3<\/a> f\u00fcr eine \u00dcbersicht \u00fcber Fehlermodi, die automatisch ausgewertet werden k\u00f6nnen). Unterst\u00fctzte St\u00fccklistenformate sind <em>.exp<\/em> und <em>.txt<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wenn Sie keine Netzliste bereitstellen, liefert nur die St\u00fcckliste keine klaren Informationen \u00fcber die Verbindungen zwischen Komponenten, wodurch eine Fehlerausbreitung entf\u00e4llt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Da die Modellbibliothek kontinuierlich erweitert wird (w\u00f6chentlich), wenden Sie sich an <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"mailto:support@modelwise.ai\" target=\"_blank\">support@modelwise.ai<\/a> um eine aktuelle Liste der Bibliothek zu erhalten.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-black-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"background-color:#a3acf070;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:0.2px\"><code><strong>Anmerkung: <\/strong>Die BOM-Feldzuordnungen und -Regeln m\u00fcssen definiert werden, um die Systemteile und ihre Fehlerrate\/-modusart anhand der BOM-Informationen korrekt zu identifizieren. Kontaktieren Sie das Support-Team, um das Verfahren zu besprechen (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"mailto:support@modelwise.ai\" target=\"_blank\">support@modelwise.ai<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-analyzenbsp\"><strong>4. Analysieren: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Sobald die Analysedefinition abgeschlossen ist, kann die Analyse von Paitron gestartet werden. Navigieren Sie zum gew\u00fcnschten System und klicken Sie auf \u201eAnalysieren\u201c. Der Benutzer hat dann die Wahl, entweder eine FMEA- oder eine FMEDA-Analyse durchzuf\u00fchren.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bei einer FMEDA hat der Anwender die Wahl zwischen FMEDA nach IEC 61508 oder ISO 26262.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-failure-injectionnbsp\"><strong>5. Fehlerinjektion <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Unter Fehlerinjektion versteht man den Prozess der Generierung eines Modells eines Systems mit einem bestimmten Fehler. Dies wird von Paitron automatisch durchgef\u00fchrt, wenn eine FMEA- oder FMEDA-Analyse gestartet wird. Standards f\u00fcr Fehlermodi, die in Paitron integriert sind, sind in <a href=\"#4\">Tabelle 4<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-model-abstractionnbsp\"><strong>6. Modellabstraktion <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Jeder der Fehlermodi wird simuliert, um das Verhalten des Systems zu generieren. Die Simulationsergebnisse werden in eine formale Darstellung des Systems umgewandelt.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-effects-detectionnbspnbsp\"><strong>7. Effekterkennung:  <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Der SMT-Solver pr\u00fcft, ob alle angegebenen Effekte (insbesondere deren Bedingungen) unter den eingef\u00fchrten Fehlermodi auftreten k\u00f6nnen.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-exportnbsp\"><strong>8. Export: <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Das Ergebnis der Bewertung wird in einer FME(D)A-Tabelle dargestellt, die alle Fehlerarten (gem\u00e4\u00df der gew\u00e4hlten Norm; siehe Einschr\u00e4nkungen in <a data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4\" href=\"#4\">Tabelle 4<\/a>) enthalten sollte. Die Bewertung der Fehlerauswirkungen erfolgt gr\u00f6\u00dftenteils (&gt;80 %) automatisiert, einschlie\u00dflich der Kritikalit\u00e4t (sicher oder gef\u00e4hrlich). Basierend auf der Finalisierung durch den Benutzer (Bewertung der &lt;20 % nicht automatisch generierten Fehlerauswirkungen, die deutlich mit der Aussage \u201enot evaluated, check manually\u201c gekennzeichnet sind) werden die zugeh\u00f6rigen Metriken und Fehlermodi berechnet.<\/p>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-fmeda-managernbspnbsp\"><strong>9. FMEDA-Manager:  <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n<p>Zeigt die Fehlermodi und Fehlerraten der Komponenten im betrachteten FMEDA-Blatt an und unterst\u00fctzt das \u00c4nderungsmanagement sowie die Individualisierung.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Klicken Sie in der Paitron-GUI auf das Berichtsbild, um den gew\u00fcnschten Bericht zu \u00f6ffnen. Nach dem Laden des Berichts \u00f6ffnet sich ein neues Fenster, das die ausgew\u00e4hlten Komponentenausfallraten und -modi im betrachteten FMEDA-Blatt anzeigt. Die Fehlerrate und -modi k\u00f6nnen aus der im FMEDA verwendeten Quelle ausgew\u00e4hlt werden. Paitron empfiehlt Ihnen die Komponenten, die basierend auf dem ausgew\u00e4hlten Referenztyp (\u201eRef. Type\u201c) am wahrscheinlichsten verwendet werden, indem es sie gr\u00fcn hervorhebt. Erm\u00f6glicht das Hinzuf\u00fcgen neuer Komponenten und das Anpassen von FIT-Raten und Fehlermodi f\u00fcr das jeweilige FMEDA-Blatt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"appendixnbsp\">Anhang <\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"appendix-a-tablesnbsp\">Anhang A: Tabellen <\/h3>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"1\"><strong>Tabelle <strong>1<\/strong>: Liste der von Paitron verbundenen Simulationstools&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Software<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Ausf\u00fchrung<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Notiz<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Unterst\u00fctzte Dateiformate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/eda.sw.siemens.com\/en-US\/pcb\/xpedition-enterprise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Xpedition<\/a><\/td><td>VX2.14 und sp\u00e4ter<\/td><td>Eine Lizenz f\u00fcr AMS 200 ist erforderlich<\/td><td>.cmd<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/design-center\/design-tools-and-calculators\/ltspice-simulator.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LTspice XVII<\/a>\u00a0<\/td><td>XVII, 17 und sp\u00e4ter\u00a0<\/td><td>Wenn sowohl 17.* als auch XVII installiert sind, <br>wird standardm\u00e4\u00dfig die Version 17.* bevorzugt.<\/td><td>.asc, .net, .cir, .sp<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orcad.com\/products\/orcad-pspice-designer\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OrCAD PSpice Designer<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>17.2 und h\u00f6her&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>.sim, .net, .cir, .sp&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.altium.com\/de\/altium-designer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Altium Designer<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>22.3 und sp\u00e4ter&nbsp;<\/td><td>Durch <a href=\"http:\/\/ngspice.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ngspice<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>.nsx, .net, .cir, .sp&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.altium.com\/circuitstudio\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CircuitStudio<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>1.5 und sp\u00e4ter&nbsp;<\/td><td>Durch <a href=\"http:\/\/ngspice.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ngspice<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/simulink.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Matlab<\/a><\/td><td>R2018a und sp\u00e4ter\u00a0<\/td><td>Einschlie\u00dflich Simulink und Simscape<\/td><td>.slx<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"2\"><strong>Tabelle <strong>2<\/strong>: Liste der von Paitron verwendeten Drittanbieter-Software&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Software<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Ausf\u00fchrung<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Notiz<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>.NET Desktop Runtime&nbsp;<\/td><td>6.0.5&nbsp;<\/td><td>Im Installationsprogramm enthalten&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/ngspice.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ngspice<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>36&nbsp;<\/td><td>Eingebettet in die Software&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Microsoft Excel&nbsp;<\/td><td>2013 SP1 oder h\u00f6her&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"3\"><strong>Tabelle 3: \u00dcbersicht der Fehlermodi, die automatisch analysiert werden k\u00f6nnen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Komponententyp<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Failure Modes (IEC 61709)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Fehlermodi (MIL-HDBK-338B)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Widerst\u00e4nde&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift<sup> <a href=\"#f1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#f1\">1<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kondensatoren&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Induktive Ger\u00e4te\/Spule&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transistoren&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Optokoppler&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, (Drift fehlt)&nbsp;<\/td><td>N\/A&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digitale integrierte Schaltkreise&nbsp;<\/td><td>Offener Kreislauf&nbsp;<\/td><td>N\/A&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Relais&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis&nbsp;<\/td><td>Nicht modelliert&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dioden&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift, Vorw\u00e4rtsableitstromdrift&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leuchtdioden&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u00fcberpr\u00fcfen&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fotodioden&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis&nbsp;<\/td><td>N\/A&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Weitere Komponenten <sup><a href=\"#f2\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#f2\">2<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&#8211;&nbsp;<\/td><td>Kurzschluss, offener Stromkreis&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"4\"><strong>Tabelle 4: Liste der in Paitron verf\u00fcgbaren Fehlerraten- und Modusquellen&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Quellenname<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Referenz<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Fehlerrate<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Fehlermodus<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Vollst\u00e4ndig digitalisiert?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Fehlende Information<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SN29500&nbsp;<\/td><td>SN 29500, <em>Ausfallrate, Komponente, Erwartungswert, Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit<\/em>, Siemens, Note 1, 2016.&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Berechnung der Ausfallrate unter Betriebsbedingungen f\u00fcr Integrated Circuits&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC61709:2017 \u2013 Anhang A&nbsp;<\/td><td>IEC 61709, <em>Elektrische Komponenten \u2013 Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit \u2013 Referenzbedingungen f\u00fcr Ausfallraten und Belastungsmodelle f\u00fcr die Umwandlung<\/em>, Internationale Elektrotechnische Kommission, 2017&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Fehlermodi f\u00fcr:&nbsp;<br>&#8211; Optocoupler: Drift&nbsp;&#8211; Digital Integrated Circuits: All FMs&nbsp;<br><br>&#8211; Light emitting diode modules: All FMs&nbsp;&#8211; Laser diodes and modules: All FMs&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MIL-HDBK-217F&nbsp;<\/td><td>MIL-HDBK-217F, <em>Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeitsvorhersage elektronischer Ger\u00e4te<\/em>Verteidigungsministerium \u2013 Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika, 1991&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>&#8211;&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MIL-HDBK-338B&nbsp;<\/td><td>MIL-HDBK-338B, <em>Electronic Reliability Design Handbook<\/em>, Department of Defense &#8211; United States of America, 1998&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Fehlermodi ohne Einfluss auf das elektrische Verhalten&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"f1\"><sup><a href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">1<\/a><\/sup> Der Wert der Komponentenparameter (Widerstand, Kapazit\u00e4t usw.) wird entweder verdoppelt oder halbiert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"f2\"><sup><a href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">2<\/a><\/sup> Batterie, Kabel, Stecker\/Verbindung, gedruckte Verdrahtung, Magnetspule<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A complete &#038; precise overview of the functions &#038; features of Paitron<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"3em\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:3em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Paitron is a software solution for (partially) automated model-based functional safety analysis exploiting logical or physical models. The current version of Paitron supports both Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure Mode Effects and Diagnostics Analysis (FMEDA). The results of the analyses are stored and presented in Excel files.\u00a0<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Paitron applies techniques from model-based and qualitative reasoning (subfields of automated reasoning in artificial intelligence). Model-based means that the reasoning is based on formally represented models of the system being developed, while qualitative characterizes the type of models that are based on systematic abstractions of system behavior. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Functional Description &nbsp;<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">System Requirements&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Supported Operating Systems:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>64-bit editions of Windows 7 SP1, 8.1, 10 and 11&nbsp;<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>For performing automated functional safety analysis, Paitron will exploit third-party simulation tools, such simulation tools must be installed on the same computer as Paitron. Without connected simulation software, Paitron can still create FMEDA tables and compute safety metrics. The list of currently supported tools and their versions is given in <a data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\" href=\"#1\">Table 1<\/a>. Additionally, the third-party software required for using Paitron is listed in <a href=\"#2\">Table 2<\/a> in the Appendix.\u00a0<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Features&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Automation of functional safety analysis, especially failure propagation and failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is achieved with the following workflow:\u00a0<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"lightbox\":{\"enabled\":true},\"id\":247890,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/modelwise.ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/paitron-workflow_English.jpg\" alt=\"Workflow of paitron in English with the different steps being preparation, automatic analysis and export\" class=\"wp-image-247890\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 1: Paitron workflow<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"1em\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Import system design:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The first step is the import of design drafts (circuit design, netlists or similar models). The data interfaces used in the software enable exchange with simulation tools. A list of simulation tools interfaced by Paitron can be seen in <a data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#1\" href=\"#1\">Table 1<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>System formalization:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The system editor enables the formalization of a system and can be accessed via the \"Formalize\" button on the main screen. The system information should specify relevant input, output, and optionally included effects. This involves defining terminals (inputs and outputs) and their domains (possible values or ranges).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The requirements are formulated using constraint templates, which may involve establishing thresholds or expected behaviors for system variables.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Using the deviation effects enables the user to skip the requirements formalization, as the expected outputs are generally checked for deviations.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Scenarios correspond to different possible system configurations (e.g., take-off, cruise, landing) under which the system is studied. It is not required to define any scenarios; they can be used when the system needs to be studied only in certain contexts.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:code {\"style\":{\"color\":{\"background\":\"#a3acf070\"},\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"500\",\"letterSpacing\":\"0.2px\"}},\"textColor\":\"black\"} -->\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-black-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"background-color:#a3acf070;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:0.2px\"><code><strong>Remark: <\/strong>The variables, domains, and scenarios are only available for models that contain behavioral information (usually these are the models that can be simulated).<\/code><\/pre>\n<!-- \/wp:code -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Component matching:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Configure parts opens a new window with the list of the system\u2019s components.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>Manual matching:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>For each component, the user can specify the exact type (e.g. a diode can be LED, Zener, Schottky,\u2026) and impose the failure mode and rate to apply to the component.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list {\"start\":2} -->\n<ul start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>Bill of Material (optional):&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>After importing the bill of material (BOM) from the user's Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) or Electronic Design Tool (EDA) software, the software automatically matches the recognized components with components from the Modelwise model library (see <a href=\"#3\">Table 3<\/a> for an overview of failure modes, which can be automatically assessed). Supported BOM formats are <em>.exp<\/em> and <em>.txt<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>If you do not provide a netlist, just the BOM does not provide clear information on the connections between components, thereby failure propagation is omitted.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>As the model library gets continuously extended (on a weekly basis), contact <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"mailto:support@modelwise.ai\" target=\"_blank\">support@modelwise.ai<\/a> to get an up-to-date list of the library.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:code {\"style\":{\"color\":{\"background\":\"#a3acf070\"},\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"500\",\"letterSpacing\":\"0.2px\"}},\"textColor\":\"black\"} -->\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-black-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"background-color:#a3acf070;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:0.2px\"><code><strong>Remark: <\/strong>The BOM field mappings and rules need to be defined in order to correctly identify the system parts and their failure rate\/modes type from the BOM information. Contact the support team to discuss the procedure (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"mailto:support@modelwise.ai\" target=\"_blank\">support@modelwise.ai<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/code><\/pre>\n<!-- \/wp:code -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Analyze:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>As soon as the analysis definition is completed, the analysis is ready to be started by Paitron. Navigate to the desired system and click on \u201cAnalyze\u201d. The choice is then given to the user to either perform an FMEA or an FMEDA analysis.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In the case of an FMEDA, the user has an option between FMEDA according to IEC 61508 or ISO 26262.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. Failure injection:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Failure injection is the process of generating a model of a system with a particular failure. It is performed automatically by Paitron when an FMEA or FMEDA analysis is started. Standards for failure modes, that are integrated with Paitron, can be seen in <a href=\"#4\">Table 4<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. Model abstraction:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Each of the failure modes is simulated to generate the behavior of the system. The simulation results are converted into a formal representation of the system.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. Effects detection:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The SMT solver tests whether all specified effects (specifically, their conditions) can occur under the introduced failure modes.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>8. Export:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The result of the evaluation is presented in an FME(D)A table which should contain all failure modes (according to the selected standard; see restrictions in <a data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#4\" href=\"#4\">Table 4<\/a>). The evaluation of the failure effects is mostly (&gt;80%) automated, including the criticality (safe or dangerous). Based on the finalization by the user (evaluating the &lt;20% not automatically generated failure effects, which are clearly marked with the statement \u201cnot evaluated, check manually\u201d), the associated metrics and failure modes are calculated.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":5} -->\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>9. FMEDA manager:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Shows the components failure modes and failure rates in the considered FMEDA sheet, and supports change management, as well as individualization.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In the Paitron GUI, click the report image to open the desired report. After loading the report, a new window opens which shows the selected component failure rates and modes in the considered FMEDA sheet. The failure rate and modes can be selected from the source used in the FMEDA. Paitron will recommend you the components that are the most likely to be used based on the selected reference type (\u201cRef. Type\u201d) by highlighting them in green. Allows to add new components, and to customize FIT rates and Failure modes for the respective FMEDA sheet.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Appendix&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Appendix A: Tables&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"1\"><strong>Table <strong>1<\/strong>: List of simulation tools interfaced by Paitron&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table {\"hasFixedLayout\":false,\"className\":\"is-style-stripes\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Software<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Version<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Note<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>S<\/strong><strong>upported File Formats<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/design-center\/design-tools-and-calculators\/ltspice-simulator.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LTspice XVII<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>XVII, 17 and later&nbsp;<\/td><td>When both 17.* and XVII are installed, <br>by default the 17.* will be preferred<\/td><td>.asc, .net, .cir, .sp&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/simulink.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Matlab<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>R2018a and later&nbsp;<\/td><td>Including Simulink and Simscape&nbsp;<\/td><td>.slx&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.orcad.com\/products\/orcad-pspice-designer\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OrCAD PSpice Designer<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>17.2 and later&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>.sim, .net, .cir, .sp&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.altium.com\/altium-designer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Altium Designer<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>22.3 and later&nbsp;<\/td><td>Through <a href=\"http:\/\/ngspice.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ngspice<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>.nsx, .net, .cir, .sp&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.altium.com\/circuitstudio\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CircuitStudio<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>1.5 and later&nbsp;<\/td><td>Through <a href=\"http:\/\/ngspice.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ngspice<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/eda.sw.siemens.com\/en-US\/pcb\/xpedition-enterprise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Xpedition<\/a><\/td><td>VX2.14 and later<\/td><td>License for AMS 200 is required<\/td><td>.cmd<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"1em\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"2\"><strong>Table <strong>2<\/strong>: List of third-party software used by Paitron&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table {\"hasFixedLayout\":false,\"className\":\"is-style-stripes\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Software<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Version<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Note<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>.NET Desktop Runtime&nbsp;<\/td><td>6.0.5&nbsp;<\/td><td>Included in the installer&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/ngspice.sourceforge.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ngspice<\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><td>36&nbsp;<\/td><td>Embedded in the software&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Microsoft Excel&nbsp;<\/td><td>2013 SP1 or later&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"1em\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"3\"><strong>Table 3: Overview of failure modes, which can be automatically assessed&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table {\"hasFixedLayout\":false,\"className\":\"is-style-stripes\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Component Type<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Failure Modes (IEC 61709)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Failure Modes (MIL-HDBK-338B)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistors&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift<sup> <a href=\"#f1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#f1\">1<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capacitors&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inductive Devices\/Coil&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transistors&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Optocouplers&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, (Drift is missing)&nbsp;<\/td><td>N\/A&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital Integrated Circuits&nbsp;<\/td><td>Open Circuit&nbsp;<\/td><td>N\/A&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Relays&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit&nbsp;<\/td><td>Not modeled&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diodes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift, Forward leakage current drift&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Drift&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Light emitting diodes&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit&nbsp;<\/td><td>check&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Photodiodes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit&nbsp;<\/td><td>N\/A&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Further Components <sup><a href=\"#f2\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#f2\">2<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;<\/td><td>-&nbsp;<\/td><td>Short Circuit, Open Circuit&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"1em\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"4\"><strong>Table 4: List of failure rate and mode sources available in Paitron&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table {\"hasFixedLayout\":false,\"className\":\"is-style-stripes\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Source name<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Reference<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Failure rate<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Failure mode<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Fully digitized?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Missing Information<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SN29500&nbsp;<\/td><td>SN 29500, <em>Failure rate, component, expected value, dependability<\/em>, Siemens, Note 1, 2016.&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Calculating the failure rate in operating conditions for Integrated Circuits&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC61709:2017 - Annex A&nbsp;<\/td><td>IEC 61709, <em>Electric Components -Reliability -Reference Conditions for Failure Rates and Stress Models for Conversion<\/em>, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2017&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Failure modes for:&nbsp;<br>- Optocoupler: Drift&nbsp;- Digital Integrated Circuits: All FMs&nbsp;<br><br>- Light emitting diode modules: All FMs&nbsp;- Laser diodes and modules: All FMs&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MIL-HDBK-217F&nbsp;<\/td><td>MIL-HDBK-217F, <em>Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment<\/em>, Department of Defense - United States of America, 1991&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>-&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MIL-HDBK-338B&nbsp;<\/td><td>MIL-HDBK-338B, <em>Electronic Reliability Design Handbook<\/em>, Department of Defense - United States of America, 1998&nbsp;<\/td><td>No&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Yes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Failure modes without an impact on the electrical behavior&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"1em\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator {\"className\":\"is-style-wide\"} -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"1em\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:1em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p id=\"f1\"><sup><a href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">1<\/a><\/sup> Components parameter value (resistance, capacitance, etc.) is either doubled or halved<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p id=\"f2\"><sup><a href=\"#3\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#3\">2<\/a><\/sup> Battery, Cable, Connector\/Connection, Printed Wiring Assembly, Solenoid<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->","_et_gb_content_width":"795","content-type":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-247350","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Paitron | Functional Description<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Paitron: a software solution for automated model-based safety analysis using logical or physical models. 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